Internal situation in the holy roman empir)

Abstract It is known for a considerable number of scholars that the main title of this empire is “ the Roman Empire”, while its adjective as “Holy” appeared for the first time in the reign of Fredrick I Barbarossa in 1157. But later on, this title, as a holy empire, is commonly used by Frederick II and Henry VI, however, this religious title of the empire does not affect its political position, as it put the basis of Charlemagne globally. Moreover, the Holy Roman Empire -in its narrow meaning- is the borders of Germany and Italy and its establishment dates back to “Otto the Great”. Interestingly, the study sheds light on the beginning and end of the Holy Roman Empire, that is about 53 year, from (1197:1250).This period was characterized by chaos and civil wars, for establishing the Roman throne. From the early being, chaos and disorder took place among, Frederic II,Philip of Swabia ,Otto of Bunswick after the death Henry VI in 1197,for establishing the Imperial throne (office).This conflict lasted over ten years till the murder of Philip Alswabain in 1208. By the end these conflicts, Fredrick II got rid of all rebellion, inner revolutions, and peace spread all over the emperor by implanting such regulations. The study highlights stability in the Empire through the regulations of Leone Council in 1245, through which Fredric II took off the reign, followed by a new period of chaos and disorder. The Pope called for early elections for overcoming Fredric II like the election of Henry Raseb and William Holland. The conflict also lasted among them until the death of Fredrick II in 1250. The study also tackles the cultural and religious life of the Holy Roman Empire, from the first half of the 13th century, by paying focus on the relationship between Popes of the Empire, and the conditions of Muslims and Jews, El Asaqeifs situations like the conflict between Pope and the emperor, etc. For the cultural positions, the study tackles schools and universities of the Holy Roman Empire at that time, science and scientists, and their relationships with Fredric II. In addition, it handles the imperial literature in this period. For the economic aspect, the study handled the social and economic conditions of the Holy Roman Empire in the first half of the 13th c., like agriculture and most important industries that prevailed at this period. On the social level, the study focused on the Roman classes , marriage, houses, drinking ,the position of women in classes, entertainment, and religious festivals of the Holy Roman Empire. On the military level, the study tackles the military and judicatory of the Holy Roman Empire like ruling regulations, emperor positions, regulations of workers and the most important Princely titles of the empire at that time. For the military regime, the study sheds light on the military strategy of wars in the Middle Ages, Recruitment of mercenaries in the Imperial Army, the role of the German knights in wars and management of the Empire at the time. At the end, the presented thesis shows the most important research results, followed by a series of appendixes: documents, maps and pictures, and then a list of references, sources and periodicals.